|
¥Áºéªº·N¸qSQE ¡u¥Áºé¡v(populism) ¬OÓ¤¤©Êªº¦r²´¡A©TµM¥¦¦³¥i¯à¹ïªÀ·|²£¥Ít±ªº¼vÅT¡A¦ý¨S¦³¥²n§â¥¦¬Ý¦¨¥»½èªº¡u´c¡v¡A§_«h·¥¥i¯à·|»~¸Ñ¥Áºéªº·N²[¡C¦pªG§Ú̯uªº¼~¼{¥Áºéªºt±¼vÅT¡A¤]À³¥J²Ó¤ÀªR¥¦ªº°_·½»P¯S½è¡A¦p¦¹¤è¯à¬ù§ô¥¦¡AÁקK¥¢±±¡C¥»¤å§Y±q³oÓ¨¤«×¥Xµo¡A§â¥Áºé·í¦¨ªÀ·|¤¤¦s¦bªº¬Fªv©ÎªÀ·|²{¶H¡A¦A±´¨s¨ä·N¸q»P¼vÅT¡C.\^n8 ©©øÂν׾ -- ©øÂν׾¡@¡@ Xw)p ¾Ç¬É¦³Ãö¥Áºéªº°Q½×¬Æ¦h¡A¦ý¬O§â¥¦·í¦¨¤@ӾdzN·§©À¨Ó³B²zªº«o«Ü¤Ö¡C(Taggart, 2000:10) ¥Dnì¦]¬O¥¦§e²{ªº¼Ë»ª¹L©óÂ×´I¡AÃø¥H®»ºN¡CEdward Shils ¦b§N¾Ô¹ï«Ïªº¦~¥N¡Aº¥ý¹ï¥Áºé¶i¦æ¨t²Îªº¤ÀªR¡C¥L§â¥Áºé©ñ¦bºë^ (elites) »P¸s²³ (masses) ºò±i¹ïÂSªº¯ßµ¸¤¤¨Ó¬Ý¡A¥Áºé¬O¤@ºØ¤H¥Á¤£º¡²{ª¬ªº·NÃѧκA¡A¥¦»{¬°²{¦³ªÀ·|¯´§Ç¨ä¹ê¬O²Îªv¶¥¯ÅÂÇÃbÂ_Åv¤O¡B°]²£¡B¦å²Î¡B¤å¤Æ¦Ó½T¥ß¡C(Shils, 1956: 100-1) ¥Áºé¥D¸qªÌ»{¬°²Îªv¶¥¯Å©Ò¥Nªíªº¨î«×¡A¬J»G¤Æ¤S¯Ê¥F´¼¼z¡F¦]¦¹¡A¹çÄ@¬Û«H¤H¥Á¦Û¤v¡A¤]¤£¬Û«H³o®M¨î«×¡C (Shils, 1956: 101-3) ¥Áºé¥Dnªº¯S½è´N¬O¹ï¬F©²ªº«èïÈ¡CO+S8c ©©øÂν׾ -- ©øÂν׾¡@¡@ _MI Kornhauser «h±N Shils ªº©w¸q»P¨ä¡u¤j²³ªÀ·|¡v(mass society) ªº¬ã¨sÁpµ²¦b¤@°_¡A»{¬°¥Áºé²{¶H¬O¤j²³ªÀ·|ªºì¦]»Pµ²ªG¡A¥¦©Ú¥¸¦h¤¸¡Bª[²§¡A¶É¦V°l¨D¤@P¡A¦³«I¥ÇÓ¤H¦Û¥Ñªº¥i¯à©Ê¡A¦]¦¹¬O»P¦Û¥Ñ¥Á¥D¬O¬Û½Ä¬ðªº¡C(Kornhauser, 1959: 103) Torcuato Di Tella ¤ñ¸û©Ô¬ü©M¼Ú¬wªº¥Áºé¹B°Ê«á¡A»{¬°¥Áºé¬OªÀ·|ÁÚ¦V²{¥N¤Æ¹Lµ{ªº²£ª«¡C³q±`¬O¤£º¡²{ª¬ªº¤¤²£¶¥¯Åºë^»P´Á±æ¤éº¥¤É°ªªº¸s²³¶¡ªºÁpµ²¡A¸gÀÙµo®i¦nªºªÀ·|¤¤¤×¨ä®e©öµo¥Í¡C(Di Tella, 1997: 196) Cavin Kitching ¥ç¬O§â¥Áºé¹B°Ê©ñ¦bªÀ·|µo®iªº¯ßµ¸¤¤¨Ó¬Ý¡A¥Áºé¬O¹ï¤u·~¤ÆªÀ·|ªººÃ¼{¡A¬O¤p³W¼Ò¥Í²£ªÌ¹ï¶°¤¤¥Í²£ÁͶժº¤Ï°Ê¡C(Kitching, 1989: 19-22)&@[ ©©øÂν׾ -- ©øÂν׾¡@¡@ Hq$l ¨ä¹ê¡A¨CÓ¾ú¥v¤Wªº¥Áºé¹B°Ê³£¦³¿W¯Sªº®ÉªÅ±¡¹Ò»Pµo®i¯ßµ¸¡A§ÚÌ«ÜÃø§ä¨ì©T©wªº³q«h¡CPeter Worsley ¤ñ¸û¦U°êªº¨Ò¤l«á»¡¥Áºé¦Ü¦h¥u¯àºÙ¬O¤@ºØ¬Fªv¤å¤Æ¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¦³¯S©w¤º®eªº·NÃÑ«¬ºA¡A¤]¤£¬O¤@ºØ¯S©wªº²Õ´§Î¦¡¡C(Worsley, 1969: 245) ¤£¤Ö¾ÇªÌ¡A¦p Ernesto Laclau (1977:145) ©ñ±ó´¶¹M¤Æ·§©Àªº¹Á¸Õ¡A»{¬°¥Áºé¹B°Ê¬O±¡¹Ò¨M©w (contextual) ªº¡A¤£¦Pªº¥Áºé¨Ò¤l«ÜÃøÃþ±À¡C¥t¥~¤@¨Ç¾ÇªÌ¡A¦p Margaret Canovan (1981)¡A±N¥Áºé°Ï¤À¬°¤CºØÃþ«¬¡A«e¤TÃþ (the populism of farmers, of peasants, of intellectuals) ¬°¹A¥Á¥Áºé¹B°Ê (agrarian populism)¡A¤À§O¥H¬ü°ê¤@¤K¤E¢Ý¦~¥Nªºªº¤H¥ÁÄÒ (people's party)¡A¥[®³¤j¤@¤E¤T¢Ý¦~¥Nªº Social Credit movement¡A¥H¤Î¼w°ê¤@¤K¤E¢Ý¦~¥Nªº¹A¥Á¹B°Ê¬°¥Nªí¡C(Canovan, 1981:104)MJZz ©©øÂν׾ -- ©øÂν׾¡@¡@ X[w8j «á¥|Ãþ¬°¬Fªv¥Áºé¹B°Ê¡G¡u¥Áºé¿Wµô¡v (populist dictatorship)¡B¡u¥Áºé¦¡¥Á¥D¡v (populist domocracy)¡B¡u¤Ï°Ê¦¡¥Áºé¡v (reactionary populism) ©M¡u¬F«Èªº¥Áºé¡v (politicians' populism)¡C¡u¥Áºé¿Wµô¡v¬O¤H¥Á¤ä«ùªº¿Wµô¬FÅv¡A¨å«¬ªº¨Ò¤l¦³©Ô¤B¬ü¬wªº¥Áºé¬FÅv¡B´¿¥ô¬ü°ê¸ô©ö´µ¦w¯Ç¦{¦{ªø (1932-5) ¤Î°Ñ°|ijû (1932-5) ªº Huey Long¡A¥L¬O½a¤Hªº¥N¨¥¤H¡A¹ï§Ü¸ê²£¶¥¯Å´I¤H¡C¡u¥Áºé¦¡¥Á¥D¡v¥D±i¸¨¹êª½±µ¥Á¥Dªººë¯«¡A¨Ò¦p¬ü°ê¤G¤Q¥@¬öªì´Áªº¶i¨B¥D¸q¹B°Ê¡A¥Dn¥Ñª¾ÃѤÀ¤l±a°Ê¡A¥D±i¥Hª½±µ¥Á¥D´À¥N©Î¸É¥R¥\¯à¤£¹üªº¥Nij¬Fªv¡A¥L̬O¦b¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¬ü°ê¹A¥Á¥Áºé¹B°Êªº°ò¦¤Wµo®i¥X¨Óªº¡C(Canovan: 1981:177) ·ç¤h«h¬O¥Áºé¥Á¥Dªº¨å«¬¥Nªí¡C¡u¤Ï°Ê¦¡¥Áºé¡v¬O¿E¶iªº¤Ï¦Û¥Ñ¥D¸q¹B°Ê¡A¦p¬ü°êªü©Ô¤Ú°¨¦{ªº George Wallace¡C¤@¤E¤»¤K¦~·í¶Â¤H¥ÁÅv¹B°Ê¦p¤õ¦p²þ¦a®i¶}®É¡AWallace ½Ý°_¤Ï¹ï¡uºØ±Ú¥h¹jÂ÷¤Æ¡v(racial desegregation) ªº¤jºX¡A°í«ùºØ±Ú¹jÂ÷¬Fµ¦¡C^°êªº Enoch Powell. ĵ§i¥~¨Ó²¾¥Á¹ï^°ê¶Ç²Î¤å¤Æªº¯}Ãa¡C¥LÌ¥Nªí¡u¯ó®Úªº¤Ï°Ê¡B«ÂÅv¡BºØ±Ú«ä·Q¡v¹ï§Ü¡u¶i¨B¡B¦Û¥Ñ¡B¼e®eªººë^¤å¤Æ¡v¡C(Canovan, 1981:229) ³Ì«á¡A¡u¬F«Èªº¥Áºé¡v³o¬O¬Fªv¤Hª«¥©§®¦a¹Îµ²¡u¤H¥Á¡v¡A³Ð³y¸ó¶V¶¥¯Å¡B¥þ¥]¦¡ªº (catch-all) ¬Fªv·N¦V¡A¸¸Àò¿ï¥Áªº¤ß¡A¬D¾Ô¬J¦³Åv¤Oµ²ºc¡C¬ü°êÁ`²Î Jimmy Carter ¥i¿×Ó¤¤Â¼·¡¡C(Canovan, 1981:269-73) Canovan ªí¥Ü³o¨ÇÃþ«¬¨Ã«D¤@¦¨¤£ÅÜ¡A¥Áºé¹B°Ê¨Ìµo®iªº±¡¹Ò¥i¯à¦b¤£¦Pªº®É¶¡¡B¤£¦PÃþ«¬¶¡Âà´«¡A°ß¤@ªº¦@¦PÂI¬O¡u¶D½Ñ¤H¥Á¡v©M¡u¤Ïºë^¤å¤Æ¡v¡A¦ý§Y¨Ï¬O¦¹ÂI¡A¥ç¤£©y¹L©ó±j½Õ¡C(Canovan, 1981: 298) ȱo§Ú̪`·Nªº¬O¡A¾ÇªÌ̹ï¥Áºéªº¤ÀªR¬Æ¤Ö±N¥¦·í¦¨µ´¹ït±²{¶H¨Ó¬Ý«Ý¡A¥¦¶È¥Nªí°ò¼h¤H¥Á¹ï¬J¦³¨î«×¡Bºë^²Îªvªº¤£«H¥ô¡A³oÓ¦r²´¬O¤¤©Êªº¡C=8`-` ©©øÂν׾ -- ©øÂν׾¡@¡@ q*^ww Margaret Canovan ªº·s§@¡q¬Û«H¤H¥Á¡I¥Áºé©M¥Á¥Dªº¨âÓ±¦V¡r(Trust the People! Populism and the two Faces of Democracy, 1999) ¹ï¥Á¥DªÀ·|¤¤ªº¥Áºé¹B°Ê«h¦³§ó²M·¡ªº²z½×±´°Q¡C¦o¹ï¥Áºé¹B°Êªº¬É©w¬O¡u¶D½Ñ¤H¥Á¥H¤Ï§Ü¬J¦³Åv¤Oµ²ºc©M¥D¬yÆ[©À¡BªÀ·|»ùȪº¹B°Ê¡v¡C(Canovan, 1999:3) ¥Áºéªºµo°ÊªÌ¬O³QªÀ·|Ãä½t¤Æªº¤H¥Á¡A¥i¯à¬Oª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤l¡A¤]¥i¯à¬O®z¶Õ¹ÎÅé¡A¥L̹ï¬J¦³ªÀ·|¨î«×©Î¯´§Ç¤£º¡¡A¤£±¤±Ä¨ú¿E¯Pªº¤Ï¨î¦æ°Ê¡C¥L̤Ϲ諸¹ï¶H°£¤F´¤¦³Åv¤O (¥]¬A¬FÄÒ¡B°ê·|¡B¬F«È¡B§Q¯q¹ÎÅéµ¥) ªººë^¥~¡A¤]¥]¬A¥LÌ©Ò¥Nªíªº¤å¤Æ¡C¥Áºé¹B°Ê¤£«H¥ô¥Nij¥Á¥D¡Aµh«ë¬F«ÈªºµêÁB¡B©x¹±ªº¸ËµÄ§@¶Õ¡C(Canovan, 1999:5-6; Taggart, 2000: 108) ¥ḺĨúªº½×zµ¦²¤¬O²¤Æ°ÝÃD¡B±j½Õ¤H¥Á¥DÅv¡B¿E¤Æ¹ï¥ß¡C(Taggart, 2000: 108-112) ª½±µ¥Á¥D¡A¦p³Ð¨î¡B½Æ¨M¡B½}§Kµ¥¡A¦X¥G¤H¥Á¥DÅvªººë¯«¡A¦]¦¹¨ü¨ì¥Áºé¥D¸qªÌªºÅwªï¡A¤£¥O¤H·N¥~¡C·íµM¡A¦¹ºØ¤Ï¹ïªº±¡ºü¥¼¥²¬O²z©Êªº¡C(Taggart, 2000: 95)XyX)d> ©©øÂν׾ -- ©øÂν׾¡@¡@ 6eAP*% ¥Áºé¥¿·í©Êªº°ò¦¬O¤H¥Áªº¹D¼wª½Ä±»P±`ÃÑ¡A¡u¥¿¸q¡v¬O¤@ºØ·Pı¡A¤ð¶·³z¹LÃø¥H²z¸Ñªº²z½×©Î½ÆÂøªºªk«ß¨Ó¸àÄÀ¡C¥Áºé¹B°ÊªÌ¦Û»{¬°¥LÌ¥Nªíªº¬O©â¶Hªº¡u¤H¥Á¡v(the people) §Q¯q¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¤Ö¼Æ¤Hªº§Q¯q¡C³o¸Ìªº¡u¤H¥Á¡v¦³°Ï¹j§A§Úªº§@¥Î¡C(Canovan, 1999: 5; Taggart, 2000: 94) ¬Y¨Ç¬O¡u¯u¥¿¡vªº¤H¥Á¡A¥t¥~¤@¨Ç«h¬On³Q¥´Ëªº¹ï¶H¡C·í¥LÌ´£¤Î¡u¥þ¥Á§Q¯q¡v®É¡AÁô§t¦³¤@¨ÇªÉÅU¤H¥Á§Q¯qªº¤H¦s¦b¡C¥Î³o¼Ë¤è¦¡¡A¥LÌ¥i¥H§â¥¥Á»Pºë^¡B¯SÅv¡B¶Q±Ú¡B´I¤H¹ï¥ß°_¨Ó¡F¤]¥i¯à§â¤£¦Pªº±Ú¸s©Î©v±Ð«H¥õªº¤H¹ï¥ß°_¨Ó¡CµM¦Ó¡A¯u¥¿ªº¤H¥Á³q±`¬O¨HÀqªº¡B¨S¦³²Õ´ªº¡B®z¶Õªº¡A©Ò¥H¤~·|³QÀ£¢¡C¥Áºé¹B°ÊªÌºD©ó§â¼Ä¤H¡u§¯Å]¤Æ¡v (demonized)¡A¤@¤è±³o¥i¥H±j¤Æ¦Û¨ªº¥¿·í©Ê¡A¥t¤@¤è±¥i¥H¼W¥[¦Û¤vªº¤º³¡¾®»E¤O¡C(Taggart, 2000: 94-6) ·í¥Áºé¥D¸q»P¥Á±Ú (°ê®a)¥D¸qµ²¦X®É¡A¨ä¥L¥Á±Ú (°ê®a) ªº¤H´NÅܦ¨§ðÀ»©ÎÄþ³dªº¹ï¶H¡Cy<a ©©øÂν׾ -- ©øÂν׾¡@¡@ Xp`R, ¥Áºéªº¯S½è5{T}:` ¥Áºé¹B°ÊµL¯S©w«ä·Q¤º²[8 ¥Áºé¨S¦³¯S©wªº«ä·Q¤º²[¡A°ò¥»¤W¥¦¥i¥H»P¥ô¦ó·NÃѧκAµ²¦X¡AºÝµø¨äªÀ·|±¡¹Ò©Î¤Ï¹ïªº¹ï¶H¦Ó©w¡C(Canovan, 1999: 4) ¦]¦¹¡A¥Áºé¹B°Êªº¶D¨D¥i¯à¬O¤g¦a§ï²¡B¸Ñ°£§ô¿£¡A§ïµ½¥Í¬¡¡A¦p¾ú¥v¤W¹ð¨£¤£ÂAªº¹A¥Á²©R¡F¤]¥i¯à°w¹ï°]¹Î¡B©x¹±¡B¬FÄÒ»P³g°ý¬F«È¡A¦p¬ü°ê¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¥½ªº¶i¨B¥D¸q¹B°Ê¡F¤]¥i¯à¬O¥Á±Ú¥D¸q¾É¦V¡A¬D¾Ô°ê»Ú¯´§Ç¡A¦p¼w°ê¯Çºé¡C¥Áºé¶D¨D¥i¯à¬O¥k¬£ªº°§C½áµ|¡An¨D§ó¦hªº¦Û¥Ñ¥«³õ¡A¤]¥i¯à¬O¥ª¬£ªº¤g¦a§ï²©Î°]´I«·s¤À°t¡C¥LÌ¥i¯à¬O¬D¾Ô¨S¦³¥¿·í©Êªºªk«ß³W½d¡A¤]¥i¯à¬On¨DªÀ·|¯´§Çªº««Ø¡A¤]¥i¯à«ü¦V©Ê§O¡B©v±Ð¡BºØ±Ú¤WªºÄ³ÃD¡C¹ï¥Áºé¹B°Êªº¬ã¨sªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A¥L̶D¨D¤°»ò¤£¬O«ÂI¡A«ÂI¦b¥L̬°¤°»ò·|¦³¦p¦¹ªº¶D¨D¡H¦¹ºØ¶D¨D¤ÏÀ³µÛ«ç¼Ëªº·N¸q¡H¥H¤Î¥L̪º¦æ°Ê³y¦¨¤F«ç¼Ëªº¼vÅT¡C·íµM¡A³o»P¥Áºéªº¹B§@«¬¦¡¦³Ãö¡CsHY* ©©øÂν׾ -- ©øÂν׾¡@¡@ ^ ¥Áºé»P¥Áºé»â³S`u< ¥Áºéª½±µ¶D¨D¤H¥Áªº±¡·P¡A¤Ï¹ï¨î«×ªº¤¤¤¶¡A¦]¦¹«ÜÃø«Ø¥ß§¹¾ã¡B®Ä²vªº»â¾ÉÅé¨t¡A³o³y¦¨µo®i¤Wªº§x¹Ò¡C(Taggart, 2000: 99-100) ¦P®É¡A¥Áºé¨S¦³²M·¡ªº®Ö¤ß·NÃѧκA¡A§ó¼W¥[¤º³¡»â¾Éªº§xÃø¡A¦]¦¹¡A¥Áºé»â¾ÉªÌªº¤H®æ¯S½è¤D¦¨¬°¥Áºé¬O§_«ùÄòµo®iªº«n¦]¯À¡AMax Weber ªº¡u§J¨½´µº¿¡v (charismatic) »â³S«ê¦n²Å¦X¥Áºé¹B°Êªº»Ý¨D¡C(Taggart, 2000: 101) ¥Áºé»â³S²¼ä¦³¤Oªº¶D¨D¡A¨«¤J¸s²³¡Aűo¤H¥Áªº«H¿à¡A©¼¦¹«Ø¥ßÃþ¦ü©ó©v±Ð¯ëªº®Ä©¾Ãö«Y¡C¥LÌÁA¸Ñ¸s²³ªº¹D¼w¼ö±¡¤£©öºûô¡A¦]¦¹¥²¶·¤£Â_»s³y¡u¨Æ¥ó¡vÃÒ©ú¦Û¤vªº¡u¯«¸t©Ê¡v (¤£ºÞ¬O¯à¤O©Î¦æ¬°) ¤è¯àºû«ù»â¾ÉÅv«Â©ó¤£¼Y¡C¯Ê¥F¨î«×¦¡ªº²Õ´¹B§@¡AÅv¤O¹L«×¶°¤¤©ó»â¾ÉªÌ¡A³y¦¨¥Áºé»â¾É¥õ¿à«ÂÅv»â¾É©M¤£¼e®eªº¯S©Ê¡C(Taggart, 2000: 103) ¥Áºéªº§x¹Ò¬O¡A¥¦¥²¶·¨î«×¤Æ¡A¹B°Ê¤è¯à«ùÄò¡FµM¦Ó¨î«×¤Æ¥H«á¡A»P¸s²³ªº¶ZÂ÷´N·|¼W¤j¡A¬Æ¦Ü²¨Â÷¡A³o¬OÓ¨âÃø¡Cª½±µ¥Á¥D¬O§JªA¨î«×¤Æ¨âÃøªº³~®|¤§¤@¡A¤£¤Ö¥Áºé¹B°Ê¥¿¬O¥Hª½±µ¥Á¥D§@¬°¶D¨D«ÂI¡C(Taggart, 2000: 104)Yf ©©øÂν׾ -- ©øÂν׾¡@¡@ U?m ¥Ñ¤W¦Ó¤U¥ç©Î¥Ñ¤U¦Ó¤WoyJZr ¥t¤@ÓȱoÃö¤ßªº°ÝÃD¬O¡A¥Áºé¬O¥Ñ¤W¦Ó¤U©Î¥Ñ¤U¦Ó¤W¡H³o¨âºØ³£¦³¥i¯à¡C§Y¨Ï¬O¥Ñ¤U¦Ó¤Wªº¥Áºé¹B°Ê¡A³q±`¤]¦³ª¾ÃѺë^¥[¤J»â¾É¡A²Õ´¸s²³¡A´£¥X¶D¨D¡C¥Ñ¤W¦Ó¤Uªº¥Áºé¹B°Ê¡A¥Ñ²ÎªvªÌµo°Ê¡C¦¹®É¥²µM¬O²ÎªvªÌ±Á{«¤j¸gªÀ¦M¾÷¡A©ÎªÌ¦³§ïÅܲ{ª¬ªº±j¯P¥ø¹Ï¡AµM¦Ó¨Ìªk©w³~®|¡B·¾³q¨ó°Ó¦³§xÃø©Î½w¤£ÀÙ«æ¡A¦]¦¹¡A¤D«äª½±µ¶D½Ñ¤H¥Á¡B°Êû¸s²³¡A¥H¾®»E§ïÅܲ{ª¬ªº°Ê¤O¡A¨Ò¦p¨â¦¸¤j¾Ô¶¡¼w°êªº¯Çºé¡A¾Ô«áªk°ê²Ä¤¦@©MÁ`²Î Charles De Gaulle ¥ç³Q»{¬°¬Oºë©ó¹B¥Î¥Á·Nªº¥Áºé«¬»â³S¡C¨ä¹ê¡A¬ü°êÁ`²Î Abraham Lincoln ³Q¨ë«á±µ´À¨ä¾¦ìªºÁ`²Î Andrew Johnson (1865-69) ¨ä«n¤è««Ø¬Fµ¦»P°ê·|¬Û¥ª¡A¥ç«ä¶D½Ñ¥Á·N¡A¹ï§Ü°ê·|¡C¤@¤K¤»¤»¦~ÂÇ´Á¤¤¿ïÁ|¤§«K¡A¥þ°ê¨µ°jºt»¡ ("swing around the circle")¡AÄYÃã§ðÀ»°ê·|¡A¬°¨ä¬Fµ¦ÅGÅ@¡AÁÙ¤@«×¤Þµo¸s²³ÄÌ°Ê¡A ¤£¹L Johnson ¦ü¥G¯Ê¥F¸s²³¾y¤O¡A¥Lªº§V¤OÃÒ©ú¹ý©³¥¢±Ñ (ÁÙ®t¤@ÂI³Q¼u¨ð)¡A¤£¹L¨ä¥Áºé¥ø¹Ï«h¬O¬Û·í©úÅã¡C
¥Áºé»P²©R©Î¼É°Ê@@#z)J ¥t¥~¥Áºé¥i¯à·|¤Þµo¬y¦å¡B¼É°Ê©Î²©R¶Ü¡H¦³¦¹¥i¯à¡A¦ý¤£¥²µM¡C¥Áºé°ò¥»¤ßºA¬O¤ÏÅé¨îªº¡A¦ý³o¥¼¥²¬O¡u²©R¡v©Î¡u¬y¦å¡v¡CºtÁ¿¡B¥Ü«Â¡B¹C¦æ¡B§Üij¡B½}¤u¡BÀR§¤¡Bµ´¹¡B³y¶Õ¡B¦ÛÄ@¤Jº»µ¥³£¬O±`¥Îªº¤â¬q¡A¨ä¥Øªº¦b¤Þ°_Áֽת`·N¡A¬ðÅã¨î«×¤£¤½¡C±Ä¨ú©M¥¡B«D¼É¤O¤è¦¡¦³®ÉÔ¦¨®Ä·|§ó¤j¡A¦p¬ü°ê¤»¢Ý¦~¥Nªº¶Â¤H¥ÁÅv¹B°Ê¡A©Î§ó¦ªº¦L«×¸t¶¯ Mohandas K. Gandhi¡B©Îªñ¤é¤´»á¬°±`¨£ªººñ¦â©M¥¹B°Ê¡CÁöµM¨ä¦æ¬°¥H¬D¾Ô¬J¦³ªk«ß³W½d¬°¥Øªº¡AµM¤£¯à»¡³o´N¬O¼É°Ê¡C¤£¹L¡A¥Áºé¶D¨D¦pªG¨S¦³³Q§´¾A³B¸m¡A¥i¯à·|¿E¤Æ¡A¯uªº¤Þµo¬y¦å½Ä¬ð¡C¦b¤£¼e®eªºªÀ·|©Î«ÂÅvÅé¨î¤U³o¦ü¥G¤£¥i§K¡A¬Û¹ï¦a¡A¥Á¥D°ê®a«h´£¨Ñ§ïÅܲ{ª¬ªº¨î«×©Ê¾÷¨î¡AÁöµM³o®M¾÷¨î¥¼¥²¸g±`¦³®Ä¡CR ©©øÂν׾ -- ©øÂν׾¡@¡@ 2.NB Parul Taggart ÄÄÄÀ¥Áºé¥D¸qªº¯S½è®É¡AÂk¯Ç¥X¤»Ó«n±¦V¡A¦b¦¹´©¤Þ§@¬°¤pµ²¡A¦³§U©ó§Ú̹ï¥Áºéªº´x´¤¡C²Ä¤@¡B¥Áºé¥D¸qªÌ¼Äµø¥Nij¬Fªv¡F²Ä¤G¡B¥Áºé¥D¸qªÌ¥ø¹Ï¦b²{¹êªÀ·|¤¤«Øºc¨ä²z·Qªº¤ßÆF°ê«× (hartland)¡F²Ä¤T¡B§@¬°¤@Ó·NÃѧκA¡A¥Áºé¥D¸q¯Ê¥F®Ö¤ßªº»ùÈ¡F²Ä¥|¡B¥Áºé¥D¸q¬O¹ïªÀ·|¦M¾÷ªº¦³¤O¤Ï°Ê¡F²Ä¤¡B¥Áºé¥D¸q¦³¥»½è¤Wªº¨âÃø§x¹Ò¡A¨î¨äµo®i¡F²Ä¤»¡B¥Áºé¥D¸q¦]À³¥~¦bÀô¹Ò¦Ó§ïÅܨäÃC¦â¡CTaggart ±j½Õ³o¥u¬O²z·Q«¬ (ideal type)¡A³o¤»Ó¯S½è©¼¦¹¤¬¿à¡A¦Ó®ÉªÅI´º¡BÀô¹Ò¯ßµ¸¨M©w¥Áºéªºµo®i¡A¤£¯à¤@·§¦Ó½×¡C(Taggart, 2000: 2)TC6` ©©øÂν׾ -- ©øÂν׾¡@¡@ V ¨£ "¥Á¥DªÀ·|¤¤ªº¥Áºé¹B°Ê¡G¤@Ó²z½×±ªº±´°Q"3 http://ceiba.cc.ntu.edu.tw/demo_theo_prac/lessons/democracy_&_populism.htmla' ©©øÂν׾ -- ©øÂν׾¡@¡@ [n)QK;
¥Áºé¥D¸q
Populism
¥Áºé¥D¸q¬OªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç»y·J¤¤³Ì¤£ºë½Tªº¦Wµü¤§¤@¡C¥¦³Q¥Î¨Ó«ü¯Aªº¬Fªv²{¶H¬J¼s¥BÂø¡A¬ã¨s¥Áºé¥D¸qªº¾ÇªÌ¹ï©ó³o¨Ç¥Áºé¥D¸q¨s³º¦³þ¨Ç¦@¦Pªº¯SÂI(Y¦³ªº¸Ü)¤´¥¼¦³©w½×¡C§Ú̦ܤ֥i¥H°Ï¤À¥X¤CÃþ¤À§O¬°¬Y¨Ç¬Fªv¬ì¾Ç®a»{¬°¬O¥Áºé¥D¸qªº¬Fªv²{¶H¡C¨ä¤¤¦³¤T¶µ¬O²Ï®Ú©ó¶m§ø©Î¬O¶m§øµo®i¨ú¦Vªº¿E¶i¹B°Ê¡G
¿E¶i¹A¥Á¹B°Ê¡A¨å«¬¬O1890¦~¥Nªº¡§¬ü°ê¤H¥ÁÄÒ¡¨(US People¡¦s Party
)¡C¦¹¹B°Êªºªþ±qªÌ¦Û§Ú¼Ðº]¬°¡§¥Áºé¥D¸qªÌ,¡¨¡A¦Ó¦¹¹B°Ê¬O·½¦Û©ó¬ü°ê¦è³¡¤Î«n³¡¦U¦{¹A¥Á¦b¸gÀÙ¤Wªº¤£º¡¡A¨Ã´¿¤@«×«Â¯Ù¨ì¬ü°êªº¨âÄÒ¨î¡C³o¨Ç¥Áºé¥D¸qªÌªº«Å¨¥¬O¡u§ÚÌn¨Ï¦@©M¬F©²«¦^¡§¥¥Á¡¨(the plain people)¤§¤â¡v¡A¨ä§ï²ªºn¨D«Ü¦h¡A¥]¬A¤F¥Ñ©ó»È¹ô¼W¥[©Ò¾ÉPªº³q³f¿±µÈ¡C¦¹¹B°Ê¦b1896¦~¡A¥Ñ©ó¥Dn°ò©ó¥Áºé¥D¸q¬Fºõ¦Ó°Ñ¥[Äv¿ïÁ`²Îªº¥Á¥DÄÒ¤H¥¬µÜ®¦(W.J.Bryan)¾D¨ü®À±Ñ¡A¹E¤@Ãݤ£®¶¡C¨ä¥Lȱo¤ñ¸ûªº¡§¹A¥Á¿E¶i¥D¸q¡¨ªº¨Ò¤l¥]¬A¦b¦ã¬f¶ð¬Ù(Alberta¡AĶµù¡G¥[®³¤j¤§¤@¬Ù)¿³°_ªºªÀ·|¶ÅÅv»¡(Social Credit)¡A¥H¤Î¦bÂÄ´µ³Í¹ý·Å¬Ù(Saskachewan¡AĶµù¡G¥[®³¤j¤§¤@¬Ù)ªº¦X§@¦@©MÁp·ù(Co-operative Commonwealth Federation)¡C
ª¾ÃѤÀ¤lªº¿E¶i¹B°Ê¡A¨ä¥Ø¼Ð¬O¹A·~ªÀ·|¥D¸q©M§â¡u¹A¥Á¶¥¯Åªº·N¶H
®öº©¤Æ¡v(romanticizing of peasantry)¡C¦¹³Bªº¨å«¬¨Ò¤l¬ONarodnichestvo (Populism)¡G¤Q¤E¥@¬ö«X°ê²©R¹B°Êªº¤@Ó¶¥¬q¡A¦A©¼®É¼«¼«¤£¥ªºª¾ÃѤÀ¤l¡§¨ì¥Á¶¡¥h¡¨(went to the people)¡A¥ø¹Ï¬D°_²©Rªº±¡ºü¡C1874¦~Ȧ¹¹B°Êªº°ª®p¤§®É¡A¦³¦¨¤d¤W¸Uªº¨k¤k«C¦~¡A«_µÛ¨cº»ªº¦MÀI´é¤J¤F¹A§ø¡A«Å¶Ç¹A§øªÀ·|¥D¸qªººÖµ¡C¥L̬۫H¦]¬°¦@¦³¨îªº¤g¦a¯Ñ§@¦b«Xù´µªº¹A§ø¤¤ÁÙ¦s¯dµÛ¡A¤@¦ý°ê®a³QºR·´¡A¤@Ó·sªºªÀ·|¥D¸qªÀ·|¥²¥i¦b¦¹¹A§ø°ò¦¤W«Ø¥ß°_¨Ó¡CµM¦Ó¡A¹A¥ÁÌ«o¨S¬Æ»ò¤ÏÀ³¡A¦Ó¤@¨Ç¥Áºé¥D¸qªÌ«o¨«¦V®£©Æ¥D¸q¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦¨¥\¦a¨ë¦º¨F¬Ó¨È¾ú¤s¤j¤G¥@¡C
¦Ûµo©Êªº¯ó®Ú¹A¥Á¹B°Ê¡A¨ä¥Ø¼Ð¬O±±¨î¤g¦a¥H¤Î§K©óºë^ªº¤ä°t¡C¦³
§O©ó«e¨âªÌªº¬O¡A¦¹³B¨S¦³µÛ¦Wªº¹B°Ê¨å½d¡A¤£¹L§ÚÌ¥i¥HÁ|¥X¾¥¦èô²©R¤¤ªº¥¾¤Ú¹FÄÒ¤H(Zapatistas)¡B¤@¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô«áªF¼Úªº¹A¥ÁÄÒ¡B¤Î¦b¥¬º¸¤°ºû§J´xÅv¤§«eªº«X°ê²©R¡C²Ä¤T¥@¬É¥ß°ò¦b¹A¥Á°ò¦¤Wªº²©R¹B°Ê¡A¦p¤ò¿AªF¥D¸q¡A±`³Q»{¬°¬O°¨§J«ä¥D¸q»P¥Áºé¥D¸qªº²V¦X¡C
¥H¤W³o¤TºØÃþ«¬³£»P¬Fªv¹B°Ê¦³Ãö¡A¨Ã¥B¦h¤Ö³£¬O¹A§ø©Êªº¡A¦Ó¥Áºé¥D¸q¤@µü¤]³Q¥Î¦b¨ä¥L¤@¨Ç¤£¦Pªº¬Fªv²{¶H¤W¡G
¥Áºé¥D¸q¦¡¿Wµô¢w¢w¦b¦¹Ãþ¨Ò¤l¤¤¤@Ó¥d²z´µº¿¦¡ªº(charismatic)»â³S¶W¶V¶Ç²Îªº¬F«È¡Aª½±µ¶D½Ñ¥Á²³¡A±aµ¹¥LÌ¡§ÄÑ¥]¤Î®T¼Ö¡¨(bread and circuses)¡A¨ÃÂǦ¹Àò±o¾Ëªk¥H¥~ªºÅv§Q¡C°ö¶©(Juan Peron)¡£¦b¨ä©d¦ã«½ (Eva) ªºÀ°§U¤U¡¤¦b1940¦~¥Nªºªü®Ú§Ê«Ø¥ß¤F¤j²³¹ï¥Lªº©¾¸Û·RÀ¹¡A§Y¬O³Ì¨Î¨Ò¤l¡C¬ü°êªº¡§«n¤èªºº´°Ê®a¡¨(Southern Demagogues)¡A¦pªü©Ô¤Ú°¨¦{ªº½÷¡EÀs(Huey Long)¡A«h¬O¤S¬O¤@¨Ò¡C¸g±`¦³¤H»{¬°³o¤@Ãþ«¬ªº¥Áºé¥D¸qªº»â¾ÉªÌ¡A¥u¦³·í¨ä¸s²³¬O¨Ó¦Û¶m§ø©Î¬O±qªþªñ¶m¶¡¨Óªº·sªñ²¾¥Á¡q¦p³\¦h²Ä¤@¥Nªº°ö¶©¥D¸qªÌ¡r®É¤~¯àÀò±o¸s²³ªº°lÀH¡C
¦pªG¥Áºé¥D¸q¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó´yz¥H¸s²³¬°°ò¦ªº¿Wµô¡A¨º»ò¥¦¤]¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó«ü¯A¥Á¥D¬Fªvªº¤@ºØ§Î¦¡¡C¡§¥Áºé¥D¸qªº¥Á¥D¬Fªv¡¨¬O»P¥Nªí¨î¼Ä¹ïªº¡A¨Ã¥BºÉ¥i¯à¦a¨ÏÅv¤O´x´¤¦b¤H¥Á¦Û¤vªº¤â¤¤¡C¨ä¦b¨î«×¤W¯S®íªº³]p¦³¡G±Nij·|³q¹Lªº¥ßªk®×¥æ¥I¥þ¥Á½Æ¨M (popular referendum)¡F¥þ¥Á³Ð¨î (popular initiative)¡A¤£¥²¸g¹Lij·|¡A¥Ñ¿ï¥Á¦Û¤v´£¥X¥ßªk®×¡A¦b¥Ñ¥þ¥Á½Æ¨M¤§¡F¥H¤Î½}§K (recall)¡A¦pªG¤@©w¼Æ¥Øªº¿ï¥Á¹ï¥L̪º¥Nªí¤£º¡¡A«h¥i©ó¨ä¥ô¤º«·sÁ|¦æ¿ïÁ|¡C¥Áºé¥D¸qªº¥Á¥D¬Fªv¦b·ç¤h¶i¦æ±o³Ì¹ý©³¡A¦Ó¦b¬ü°ê¥Ñ©ó¦b¥»¥@¬öªì¬ü°ê¶i¨BÄÒ¤H (American Progressives)±Ä¦æ¤F¦¹ºØ¬F¨î¡A²{¦b¬ü°ê¬Y¨Ç¦{¡q¥H¥[¦{³Ì¬°µÛ¦W¡rªº¦{¾Ëªk¤]¦³½Æ¨Mªº³W©w¡C
¥Áºé¥D¸qÁÙ¦³¤@ºØ§ó¶i¤@¼hªº·N¸q¡A§ÚÌ©Î¥iºÙ¬°¡§¤Ï°Êªº¥Áºé¥D¸q¡¨(reactionary populism)¡A¬O«ü¦b¥Á¥D°ê®a¤¤¬F«È¹B¥Î¸s²³¤Ï°Êªº°¾¨£¨Ó¹ï§Ü¬Fªvºë^ªº¶}©úÆ[ÂI¡C³oºØ¥Áºé¥D¸q©Ò«üªº¤×¨ä¬O¨º¨ÇÂǵ۹B¥ÎºØ±Ú¤³«ë©ÎÃö©óªk«ß¡B¯´§Çªº¥k¬£Æ[ÂI¥HÀò±o¨ä¸s²³¤ä«ùªº¬F«È¡C
³Ì«á¡A³o¦U¦Wµü¤]³Q¹B¥Î¦b¯S§Oªº¬Fªv«¬ºA¤W¡C¡§¬F«Èªº¥Áºé¥D¸q¡¨(politician¡¦s populism) ¬O«ü¬YºØ«¬ºAªº¬F«È¡A¥LÌÁקK·NÃÑ«¬ºAªº³\¿Õ¡A¥BÁnºÙ¬O¥Nªí¥þ¥Á¦Ó«D¬°¥ô¦ó¤@ÓÄÒ¬£»¡¸Ü¡F·N«ü¤@ºØ¡§µL©Ò¤£¥]ªº¤H¥Á¬FÄÒ¡¨(catch-all people¡¦s parties)¡A¦¹¬FÄÒ¨S¦³¬Æ»ò°ò¥»«H±ø¡A±Ä¨ú§é°Jªº¬Fµ¦¡A¥BÄ@·N±µ¥ô¦ó§ë¾aªº¤H¡C|r ¥X¡@¡@³B¡Ghttp://ceiba.cc.ntu.edu.tw/demo_theo_prac/database/Populism.htmlw`
| |